Univestities That Maintain a Large Collection of Old Art Magazines and Journals

Building or space for the exhibition of art

An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the display of art, ordinarily from the museum's own drove. It might exist in public or private buying and may be accessible to all or have restrictions in place. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and creative activities, such as lectures, performance arts, music concerts, or verse readings. Fine art museums besides often host themed temporary exhibitions, which often include items on loan from other collections.

Terminology [edit]

An establishment dedicated to the brandish of fine art can exist called an fine art museum or an art gallery, and the ii terms may be used interchangeably.[1] [2] [three] This is reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are chosen galleries (e.g. the National Gallery and Neue Nationalgalerie), and some of which are called museums (including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Modernistic Fine art, and Japan's National Museum of Western Art).

The phrase 'art gallery' can too be used for businesses which brandish art for sale, but these are not art museums.[two]

History [edit]

Private collections [edit]

Throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions or political leaders and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of fine art were non open to the general public, they were often fabricated available for viewing for a section of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as an early on grade of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems (including Julius Caesar) and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples. It is unclear how easy it was in exercise for the public to view these items.

In Europe, from the Late Medieval period onwards, areas in majestic palaces, castles, and large country houses of the social aristocracy were often fabricated partially attainable to sections of the public, where art collections could be viewed. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to people of certain social classes, wearing the proper apparel – the advisable accessories (silver shoe buckles and a sword) could be hired from shops exterior. The treasuries of cathedrals and big churches, or parts of them, were often set out for public display and veneration. Many of the grander English language country houses could be toured by the respectable for a tip to the housekeeper, during the long periods when the family unit were not in residence.

Special arrangements were made to allow the public to run into many royal or private collections placed in galleries, every bit with most of the paintings of the Orleans Drove, which were housed in a wing of the Palais-Royal in Paris and could exist visited for most of the 18th century. In Italy, the art tourism of the G Tour became a major industry from the 18th century onwards, and cities made efforts to make their primal works accessible. The Capitoline Museums began in 1471 with a donation of classical sculpture to the urban center of Rome by the Papacy, while the Vatican Museums, whose collections are notwithstanding endemic by the Pope, trace their foundation to 1506, when the recently discovered Laocoön and His Sons was put on public display. A serial of museums on different subjects were opened over subsequent centuries, and many of the buildings of the Vatican were purpose-built as galleries. An early imperial treasury opened to the public was the Green Vault of the Kingdom of Saxony in the 1720s.

Privately funded museums open to the public began to be established from the 17th century onwards, ofttimes based around a collection of the cabinet of curiosities blazon. The outset such museum was the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, opened in 1683 to firm and display the artefacts of Elias Ashmole that were given to Oxford University in a bequest.

Public museums [edit]

The Kunstmuseum Basel, through its lineage which extends back to the Amerbach Cabinet, which included a collection of works by Hans Holbein the Younger and purchased by the city of Basel in 1661,[four] is considered to be the kickoff museum of art open up to the public in the earth.

In the second half of the 18th century, many private collections of art were opened to the public, and during and after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, many regal collections were nationalized, even where the monarchy remained in identify, as in Espana and Bavaria.

In 1753, the British Museum was established and the Sometime Majestic Library collection of manuscripts was donated to it for public viewing. In 1777, a proposal to the British government was put forward by MP John Wilkes to buy the art drove of the late Sir Robert Walpole, who had amassed one of the greatest such collections in Europe, and firm it in a peculiarly built fly of the British Museum for public viewing. After much debate, the idea was eventually abandoned due to the great expense, and twenty years later, the collection was bought by Tsaritsa Catherine the Great of Russia and housed in the State Hermitage Museum in Saint petersburg.[five]

The Bavarian royal collection (now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich) was opened to the public in 1779 and the Medici collection in Florence around 1789[six] (as the Uffizi Gallery). The opening of the Musée du Louvre during the French Revolution in 1793 as a public museum for much of the former French royal collection marked an important stage in the development of public access to fine art by transferring the ownership to a republican state; but it was a continuation of trends already well established.[7]

The edifice now occupied by the Prado in Madrid was built before the French Revolution for the public brandish of parts of the royal fine art collection, and similar royal galleries were opened to the public in Vienna, Munich and other capitals. In Great Britain, yet, the corresponding Purple Drove remained in the private hands of the monarch, and the offset purpose-built national art galleries were the Dulwich Moving picture Gallery, founded in 1814 and the National Gallery, London opened to the public a decade later in 1824. Similarly, the National Gallery in Prague was not formed by opening an existing purple or princely art collection to the public, but was created from scratch every bit a articulation projection of some Czech aristocrats in 1796.

The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. is generally considered to have been the first art museum in the U.s.a..[viii] Information technology was originally housed in the Renwick Gallery, congenital in 1859. Now a part of the Smithsonian Institution, the Renwick houses William Wilson Corcoran'southward drove of American and European art. The edifice was designed by James Renwick, Jr. and finally completed in 1874.[nine] [10] It is located at 1661 Pennsylvania Artery NW.[11] Renwick designed it afterwards the Louvre's Tuileries improver.[12] At the fourth dimension of its construction, information technology was known as "the American Louvre".[xiii] [14]

Academy museums and galleries [edit]

Academy art museums and galleries constitute collections of art developed, endemic, and maintained by all kinds of schools, customs colleges, colleges, and universities. This miracle exists in the West and Eastward, making it a global exercise. Although easily overlooked, in that location are over 700 academy art museums in the United states of america solitary. This number, compared to other kinds of fine art museums, makes academy art museums maybe the largest category of art museums in the country. While the beginning of these collections can exist traced to learning collections developed in fine art academies in Western Europe, they are now associated with and housed in centers of higher education of all types.

Galleries as a specific section in museums [edit]

The discussion gallery being originally an architectural term,[15] the brandish rooms in museums are ofttimes called public galleries. As well frequently, a series of rooms defended to specific historic periods (e.one thousand. Ancient Egypt) or other significant themed groupings of works (e.yard. the collection of plaster casts equally in the Ashmolean Museum) inside a museum with a more varied collection are referred to as specific galleries, e.chiliad. Egyptian Gallery or Cast Gallery.

Visual fine art non shown in a gallery [edit]

Works on paper, such as drawings, pastels, watercolors, prints, and photographs are typically not permanently displayed for reasons of conservation. Instead, public admission to these materials is provided by a dedicated print room located within the museum. Murals or mosaics oft remain where they have been created (in situ), although many have also been removed to galleries. Various forms of 20th-century fine art, such as land art and performance art, besides usually exist outside a gallery. Photographic records of these kinds of fine art are often shown in galleries, notwithstanding. Most museums and big fine art galleries own more works than they have room to display. The remainder are held in reserve collections, on or off-site.

Like to an art gallery is the sculpture garden (or "sculpture park"), which presents sculpture in an outdoor space. Sculpture installation has grown in popularity, whereby sculptures are installed in open spaces during temporary events similar festivals.

Architecture [edit]

Nigh larger paintings from about 1530 onwards were designed to exist seen either in churches or (increasingly) palaces, and many buildings built every bit palaces now function successfully as art museums. By the 18th century additions to palaces and country houses were sometimes intended specifically as galleries for viewing fine art, and designed with that in mind. The architectural class of the unabridged building solely intended to be an fine art gallery was arguably established by Sir John Soane with his design for the Dulwich Moving picture Gallery in 1817. This established the gallery every bit a series of interconnected rooms with largely uninterrupted wall spaces for hanging pictures and indirect lighting from skylights or roof lanterns.

The belatedly 19th century saw a blast in the building of public art galleries in Europe and America, becoming an essential cultural feature of larger cities. More art galleries rose upwards alongside museums and public libraries equally part of the municipal drive for literacy and public didactics.

Over the middle and belatedly twentieth century, earlier architectural styles employed for fine art museums (such as the Beaux-Arts way of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City or the Gothic and Renaissance Revival compages of Amsterdam'due south Rijksmuseum) succumbed to modernistic styles, such as Deconstructivism. Examples of this trend include the Guggenheim Museum in New York City by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry, Centre Pompidou-Metz by Shigeru Ban, and the redesign of the San Francisco Museum of Modernistic Art by Mario Botta. Some critics[ which? ] contend these galleries defeat their purposes because their dramatic interior spaces distract the eye from the paintings they are supposed to exhibit.

Cultural aspects [edit]

Museums are more than only mere 'fixed structures designed to house collections.' Their purpose is to shape identity and memory, cultural heritage, distilled narratives and treasured stories.[16] Many fine art museums throughout history have been designed with a cultural purpose or been subject to political intervention. In detail, national fine art galleries have been thought to incite feelings of nationalism. This has occurred in both democratic and non-democratic countries, although disciplinarian regimes have historically exercised more than control over administration of art museums. Ludwig Justi was for example dismissed every bit director of the Alte Nationalgalerie (Quondam National Gallery) in Berlin in 1933 by the new Nazi regime for non beingness politically suitable.[17]

The question of the place of the art museum in its community has long been under debate. Some see fine art museums as fundamentally elitist institutions, while others run across them as institutions with the potential for societal education and uplift. John Cotton Dana, an American librarian and museum director, too equally the founder of the Newark Museum, saw the traditional art museum equally a useless public establishment, 1 that focused more on mode and conformity rather than education and uplift. Indeed, Dana's ideal museum would be one all-time suited for active and vigorous employ by the average citizen, located nearly the center of their daily movement. In addition, Dana's formulation of the perfect museum included a wider multifariousness of objects than the traditional art museum, including industrial tools and handicrafts that encourage imagination in areas traditionally considered mundane. This view of the art museum envisions it equally ane well-suited to an industrial world, indeed enhancing information technology. Dana viewed paintings and sculptures every bit much less useful than industrial products, comparison the museum to a department shop. In addition, he encouraged the active lending-out of a museum's collected objects in order to enhance education at schools and to aid in the cultural development of private members of the customs. Finally, Dana saw co-operative museums throughout a metropolis as a skilful method of making sure that every citizen has access to its benefits. Dana's view of the ideal museum sought to invest a wider variety of people in information technology, and was self-consciously not elitist.[eighteen]

Since the 1970s, a number of political theorists and social commentators take pointed to the political implications of art museums and social relations. Pierre Bourdieu, for instance, argued that in spite the credible freedom of choice in the arts, people's artistic preferences (such every bit classical music, rock, traditional music) strongly tie in with their social position. Then called cultural capital is a major cistron in social mobility (for example, getting a higher-paid, higher-status task). The argument states that certain fine art museums are aimed at perpetuating aristocratic and upper form ideals of taste and excludes segments of social club without the social opportunities to develop such interest. The fine arts thus perpetuate social inequality by creating divisions between unlike social groups. This argument also ties in with the Marxist theory of mystification and elite culture.[nineteen]

Furthermore, certain art galleries, such as the National Gallery in London and the Louvre in Paris are situated in buildings of considerable emotional impact. The Louvre in Paris is for case located in the former Regal Castle of the aboriginal regime, and is thus clearly designed with a political agenda. Information technology has been argued that such buildings create feelings of subjugation and adds to the mystification of fine arts.[20] Research suggests that the context in which an artwork is existence presented has pregnant influence on its reception past the audience, and viewers shown artworks in a museum rated them more highly than when displayed in a "laboratory" setting[21]

Online museums [edit]

Museums with major spider web presences [edit]

Most fine art museums have only express online collections, but a few museums, likewise as some libraries and government agencies, have developed substantial online catalogues. Museums, libraries, and government agencies with substantial online collections include:

  • The British Museum has over 4,000,000 objects of all types available online, of which 1,018,471 have one or more images (as of June 2019).[22]
  • Library of Congress, prints (C19 on) and photographs collection (several one thousand thousand entries).[23]
  • Metropolitan Museum of Fine art has "406,000 hi-res images of public-domain works from the drove that can exist downloaded, shared, and remixed without brake".[24]
  • Rijksmuseum has 399,189 objects available online, of which 153,309 have ane or more images.[25]
  • National Portrait Gallery, with over 215,000 works, 150,000 of which are illustrated, including paintings, prints and photographic portraits.[26]
  • MOMA (Museum of Modernistic Art), with holdings that include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films.
  • Boston Museum of Fine Arts, with over 330,000 works, about with images. Skillful for prints.
  • Fine art Museums of San Francisco, with over 85,000 works.
  • Harvard Art Museums, with over 233,000 works online.[27]
  • Louvre, with over 80,000 works in diverse databases, with a big number of images, likewise as another 140,000 drawings.[28]
  • National Gallery of Art, with over 108,000 works catalogued, though with only 6,000 images.[29]
  • (in French) The Mona Lisa Database of French Museums – Joconde *(from the French Ministry building of Culture)
  • Gallery Photoclass Republic of korea Fine art Gallery – since 2002
  • Museum of Fine art & Photography (MAP), Bengaluru, India, with over 18,000+ artefacts online, including paintings, photographs, textiles, sculptures and prints.

Online art collections [edit]

In that location are a number of online fine art catalogues and galleries that take been developed independently of the support of whatever individual museum. Many of these, similar American Art Gallery, are attempts to develop galleries of artwork that are encyclopedic or historical in focus, while others are commercial efforts to sell the work of contemporary artists.

A limited number of such sites take contained importance in the art earth. The large auction houses, such as Sotheby'southward, Bonhams, and Christie'due south, maintain large online databases of fine art which they accept auctioned or are auctioning. Bridgeman Fine art Library serves as a fundamental source of reproductions of artwork, with access limited to museums, art dealers, and other professionals or professional organizations.

Folksonomy [edit]

There are also online galleries that accept been developed by a collaboration of museums and galleries that are more interested with the categorization of art. They are interested in the potential use of folksonomy within museums and the requirements for post-processing of terms that have been gathered, both to test their utility and to deploy them in useful ways.

The steve.museum is one example of a site that is experimenting with this collaborative philosophy. The participating institutions include the Guggenheim Museum, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, and the San Francisco Museum of Modernistic Art.

Museum lists [edit]

  • List of museums (major Wikipedia page, listing links to articles on many specific museums, worldwide, sorted by land)
  • List of most visited museums
  • List of most visited art museums
  • List of most visited museums by region
  • List of largest fine art museums in the earth

International and national lists [edit]

  • Earth: World Heritage Site (s) (per UNESCO)
  • Earth (mod art): Museums of modernistic art
  • Latin America: Museums in Latin America, on the website of the Latin American Network Information Eye (LANIC) of the University of Texas at Austin
  • United States: Category:Institutions accredited by the American Brotherhood of Museums, alphabetical list with links.
  • United States: ART MUSEUMS, Fine art CENTERS, and Non-PROFIT Fine art ORGANIZATIONS web folio, sorted by state, on the website Art Collecting.com.
  • U.s.a.: Museums page, listing (with links) the national museums of the United States, in the "History, Arts, and Civilisation" subsection of the "Citizens" section of the U.S. federal regime's general information website Usa.gov

Local expanse lists [edit]

Major European cities [edit]

  • Listing of museums in Berlin
  • List of museums in London
  • List of museums in Paris
  • List of museums in Rome

North American local areas [edit]

  • List of museums in Washington, D.C., United States
  • List of museums in San Francisco, California, United States
  • List of museums in Los Angeles, California, U.s.
  • List of museums in Massachusetts, United states
  • List of museums in New York City, United States
  • List of museums in Toronto, Canada

Organizations [edit]

There are relatively few local/regional/national organizations defended specifically to art museums. Nearly fine art museums are associated with local/regional/national organizations for the arts, humanities or museums in full general. Many of these organizations are listed every bit follows:

International and topical organizations [edit]

  • UNESCO – the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural System—the leading global organization for the preservation and presentation of world cultures and arts.
  • International Council of Museums
  • Clan of Art Historians
  • Clan of Fine art Museum Curators
  • Clan of Fine art Museum Directors
  • Independent Curators International
  • International Association of Curators of Contemporary Fine art (IKT)
  • College Fine art Association (CAA)
  • Modest Museum Clan, an all-volunteer organization serving small museums in the mid-Atlantic region and beyond.
  • N American Reciprocal Museum Association (NARM)
  • The Artists' Materials Eye: An applied research organization at Carnegie Mellon University dedicated to helping museums, libraries, and archives improve the means of caring for their collections.
  • International Centre for the Report of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Belongings (ICCROM): an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the conservation of cultural heritage.
  • International Institute for Conservation of Celebrated and Creative Works (IIC)

National organizations [edit]

  • Australia: Australian Museums and Galleries Association
  • Canada: Canadian Fine art Museum Directors Organization (CAMDO)
  • Canada: Canadian Museums Association
  • Japan: Nihon Association of Art Museums (English linguistic communication page)
  • Japan: Japanese Association of Museums (English language page)
  • United States: American Alliance of Museums, formerly the American Association of Museums
  • The states: American Federation of Arts
  • United States: National Fine art Education Association, and specifically their Museum Education Division
  • Usa: American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)
  • United Kingdom: The Museums Association (MA) is a professional membership organisation based in London for museum, gallery, and heritage professionals, museums, galleries and heritage organisations, and companies that work in the museum, gallery, and heritage sector of the United Kingdom. Information technology also offers international membership. Started in 1889, it is the oldest museum association in the globe, and has over 5,000 private members, 600 institutional members, and 250 corporate members.

Other organizations (for multiple museums) [edit]

Regional, provincial, and state museum organizations [edit]

  • Canada, Ontario: Ontario Museum Association and Ontario Association of Fine art Galleries
  • Us, western states: Western Museums Association
  • United States, western states: Museums Due west Consortium, an clan of thirteen museums of the American Westward.
  • The states, western states: Western Clan for Art Conservation (WAAC)
  • United States, California: California Association of Museums
  • The states, Florida: Florida Art Museum Directors Association—an affiliate of the Florida Clan of Museums

Commune, local and customs museum organizations [edit]

  • United States, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, the official national museum, and controlling organization for most major fine art and cultural museums in Washington, D.C., national museums with major art collections, equally well equally other national historic and cultural facilities nationwide. The Smithsonian also—direct or indirectly, and through traveling exhibits—coordinates some federal government support of museums (fine art and other), nationally. Besides partners with many museums throughout the United States, each designated as a "Smithsonian Affiliate" institution.
  • Us, Florida, Miami Miami Art Museums Alliance
  • Us, New United mexican states, Taos: Taos fine art colony
  • United States, New York, New York Urban center: Fine art Museum Partnership
  • Us, New York, New York City: Museums Council of New York City
  • United States, Texas, Houston: Houston Museum District Clan

Come across besides [edit]

  • Art exhibition
  • Creative person cooperative
  • Artist-run initiative
  • Artist-run infinite
  • Arts centre
  • Contemporary art gallery
  • List of largest art museums
  • Listing of about visited art museums
  • List of national galleries
  • Pop-up exhibition
  • Vanity gallery
  • Virtual museum

References [edit]

  1. ^ "New guidance for reopening of museums, galleries and the heritage sector". GOV.UK . Retrieved xxx August 2021.
  2. ^ a b "art gallery". dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Definition of GALLERY". www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  4. ^ Dieffenbacher, Christoph. "Geschichte - Vom Geld und von der Kunst". St.Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved three May 2021.
  5. ^ Moore, Andrew (2 October 1996). "Sir Robert Walpole'due south pictures in Russia". Magazine Antiques. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
  6. ^ "Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence". Retrieved 17 Dec 2012.
  7. ^ Berger, Robert Westward. (1999). Public Admission to Art in Paris: A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800. Penn Country Printing. pp. 281–283. ISBN978-0-271-04434-7. Archived from the original on v August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  8. ^ "Renwick Gallery". Smithsonian Institution.
  9. ^ Yardley, William. "Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved xviii July 2013.
  10. ^ "Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum". Frommers. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  11. ^ Hours and Directions. Smithsonian American Fine art Museum. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  12. ^ Boyle, Katherine (18 February 2013). "Renwick modeled information technology subsequently the Louvre's Tuileries addition". The Washington Post . Retrieved eighteen July 2013.
  13. ^ "Renwick Gallery Review". Fodors. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  14. ^ "Smithsonian Plans Overhaul of D.C.'s Renwick Gallery". Associated Press. 19 Feb 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  15. ^ John Fleming/Hugh Award/Nikolaus Pevsner, Dictionary of Architecture, Penguin Books, 4th ed. 1991, s.v. Gallery.
  16. ^ Procter, Alice (2020). The Whole Picture: The colonial story of the art in our museums & why we demand to talk about information technology. Cassell. pp. nine–18.
  17. ^ Peter-Klaus Schuster: Die Alte Nationalgalerie. DuMont, Köln 2003, ISBN three-8321-7370-half dozen.[ folio needed ]
  18. ^ John Cotton fiber Dana, A programme for a new museum, the kind of museum it will profit a metropolis to maintain (1920)
  19. ^ P., Bourdieu, Distinction (1979), translated into English language by R., Nice (1984), ISBN 0-7100-9609-7. Peculiarly chapter ane "Aristochracy of Culture".
  20. ^ Le Palais-Majestic des Orléans (1692–1793): Les travaux entrepris par le Régent at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 July 2007).
  21. ^ Susanne Grüner; Eva Specker & Helmut Leder (2019). "Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Feel of Art". Empirical Studies of the Arts. 37 (2): 138–152. doi:x.1177/0276237418822896. S2CID 150115587.
  22. ^ "British Museum collection database online". Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved seven June 2019. ; "There are currently two,335,338 records available, which represent more than 4,000,000 objects. 1,018,471 records take ane or more than images".
  23. ^ "Prints & Photographs Online Catalog". Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  24. ^ MMA site, accessed 7 June 2019
  25. ^ Search the collection, Rijksmuseum. Retrieved on eleven January 2014.
  26. ^ "People & Portraits – National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.britain.
  27. ^ website, 6 June 2019
  28. ^ "Databases | Louvre Museum". Louvre.fr. Archived from the original on vii October 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  29. ^ "National Gallery of Fine art – The Drove". Nga.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2012.

Further reading [edit]

  • Lindsay, David Alexander Edward (1911). "Museums of Fine art". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 60–64.
  • Saumarez Smith, Charles (2021). The fine art museum in modernistic times. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-02243-6. OCLC 1233310517.

wilsoneved1944.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum

0 Response to "Univestities That Maintain a Large Collection of Old Art Magazines and Journals"

Postar um comentário

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel